Among other things, the laws created jobs for people who needed work. But Japanese forces bombed U. Declarations of war on Germany and Italy followed. During the war, Roosevelt plotted military strategy and appointed key military commanders.
He also authorized the secret development of the atomic bomb. To prevent more wars, Roosevelt developed an idea for an organization that would allow countries to come together to solve their problems, without guns or tanks. He called it the United Nations. In , with the war ending, Roosevelt was elected to serve a fourth term as president. Just two years later, Congress proposed the 22 nd Amendment to the Constitution, restricting presidential terms to two.
Despite passing away before these victories, Roosevelt left a giant mark on the presidency. His presidency was, and still is, the longest in U. Roosevelt saw U. Presidents by Brianna Dumont, revised for digital by Avery Hurt. All rights reserved. Personality Quizzes. Cox's running mate. The pair was soundly defeated by Republican Warren G. Harding in the general election, but the experience gave Roosevelt national exposure.
Roosevelt repaired his relationship with New York's Democratic political machine. He appeared at the and Democratic National Conventions to nominate New York governor Al Smith for president, which increased his national exposure.
When Eleanor discovered the affair, she gave Franklin an ultimatum in to stop seeing Lucy or she would file for divorce. Roosevelt agreed to stop seeing Mercer romantically, but years later began secretly see Mercer again.
She was, in fact, with him at the time of his death. In , at the age of 39, Roosevelt was diagnosed with polio while vacationing at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Canada.
At first, refusing to accept that he was permanently paralyzed, Roosevelt tried numerous therapies and even bought the Warm Springs resort in Georgia seeking a cure. Despite his efforts, he never regained the use of his legs. He later established a foundation at Warm Springs to help others and instituted the March of Dimes program that eventually funded an effective polio vaccine.
For a time, Roosevelt was resigned to being a victim of polio, believing his political career to be over. But his wife Eleanor and political confidante Louis Howe encouraged him to continue on.
Over the next several years, Roosevelt worked to improve his physical and political image. He taught himself to walk short distances in his braces. And he was careful not to be seen in public using his wheelchair. Roosevelt was narrowly elected, and the victory gave him confidence that his political star was rising. As governor, FDR believed in progressive government and instituted a number of new social programs.
Following the stock market crash of , Republicans were being blamed for the Great Depression. Sensing opportunity, Roosevelt began his run for the presidency by calling for government intervention in the economy to provide relief, recovery and reform.
His upbeat, positive approach and personal charm helped him defeat Republican incumbent Herbert Hoover in November When FDR ran for his second term in , he was re-elected to office on November 3, , in a landslide against Alfred M. Early in , Roosevelt had not publicly announced that he would run for an unprecedented third term as president. At the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Roosevelt swept aside all challengers and received the nomination.
In November , he won the presidential election against Republican Wendell Willkie. Roosevelt selected Missouri Senator Harry S. Truman as his running mate, and together they defeated Republican candidate Thomas E. Dewey in the presidential election of , carrying 36 of the 48 states.
On March 12, , just eight days after first taking office, Roosevelt initiated his first of more than 30 fireside chats. Within his first days after taking office in March of , Roosevelt called for a "New Deal" for Americans, proposing sweeping economic reforms to address the Great Depression.
The greatest crisis in American history since the Civil War , 13 million Americans were unemployed and hundreds of banks were closed. Roosevelt ordered the temporary closure on all banks to halt the run on deposits. He formed a "Brain Trust" of economic advisers who designed the "alphabet agencies" such as the AAA Agricultural Adjustment Administration , to support farm prices by reducing agricultural production through subsidies; the CCC Civilian Conservation Corps , to employ young unmarried men to work refurbishing public lands and national parks; and the NRA National Recovery Administration , which regulated wages and prices.
Other agencies insured bank deposits, regulated the stock market, subsidized mortgages and provided relief to the unemployed. By the U. But FDR faced criticism for increased government spending, unbalanced budgets and what some perceived as a move toward socialism. During the mids, several New Deal acts were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Roosevelt retaliated by proposing to "pack" the court with justices more favorable to his reforms.
Many in Congress, including some Democrats, rejected the idea. By , negative publicity, a continuing sluggish economy and Republican victories in midterm elections virtually ended Roosevelt's ability to pass more reform legislation. When he passed the bar examination in , he left school without taking a degree. For the next three years he practiced law with a prominent New York City law firm.
He entered politics in and was elected to the New York State Senate as a Democrat from his traditionally Republican home district. In the meantime, in , he had married a distant cousin, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, who was the niece of President Theodore Roosevelt. The couple had six children, five of whom survived infancy: Anna , James , Elliott , Franklin, Jr. As a reward for his support, Wilson appointed him Assistant Secretary of the Navy in , a position he held until He was an energetic and efficient administrator, specializing in the business side of naval administration.
Roosevelt's popularity and success in naval affairs resulted in his being nominated for vice-president by the Democratic Party in on a ticket headed by James M.
Cox of Ohio. However, popular sentiment against Wilson's plan for US participation in the League of Nations propelled Republican Warren Harding into the presidency, and Roosevelt returned to private life.
While vacationing at Campobello Island, New Brunswick in the summer of , Roosevelt contracted poliomyelitis infantile paralysis. Despite courageous efforts to overcome his crippling illness, he never regained the use of his legs.
In time, he established a foundation at Warm Springs, Georgia to help other polio victims, and inspired, as well as directed, the March of Dimes program that eventually funded an effective vaccine. With the encouragement and help of his wife, Eleanor, and political confidant, Louis Howe, Roosevelt resumed his political career.
In he nominated Governor Alfred E. In Smith became the Democratic candidate for president and arranged for Roosevelt's nomination to succeed him as governor of New York. Smith lost the election to Herbert Hoover;but Roosevelt was elected governor. Following his reelection as governor in , Roosevelt began to campaign for the presidency. While the economic depression damaged Hoover and the Republicans, Roosevelt's bold efforts to combat it in New York enhanced his reputation.
In Chicago in , Roosevelt won the nomination as the Democratic Party candidate for president. He broke with tradition and flew to Chicago to accept the nomination in person. He then campaigned energetically calling for government intervention in the economy to provide relief, recovery, and reform. His activist approach and personal charm helped to defeat Hoover in November by seven million votes. The Depression worsened in the months preceding Roosevelt's inauguration, March 4, Factory closings, farm foreclosures, and bank failures increased, while unemployment soared.
Roosevelt faced the greatest crisis in American history since the Civil War. He undertook immediate actions to initiate his New Deal programs.
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